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Re: A PLEA TO YOUR HUMAN DIGNITY (mind) |
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Re: A PLEA TO YOUR HUMAN DIGNITY (mind) |
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The "Goncz Law" (mind) |
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IV. World Congress of Hungarians (mind) |
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Csodaszarvas (mind) |
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Csodaszarvas (mind) |
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| + - | Re: A PLEA TO YOUR HUMAN DIGNITY (mind) |
VÁLASZ |
Feladó:  (cikkei)
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Murat Kutan  ) wrote:
: >It is, now, more than 3.5 years that the world is hearing horrific and
: >sorrowful news from the heart of Europe. A region which used to claim to
: A very true statement. In the last decade of the 20th century in the
: middle of Europe in Bosnia and in Karabag/Russian Armenia, a genocide
: of horrendous proportions has been going on for over four years in full
: view of the whole world. And, virtually nothing is being done about it.
Among the UN "peacekeepers" in Bosnia, are several hundred Canadians.
Insofar as this ethnic Canadian is concerned -- I want them to come home
to Canada, the enjoy a cold beer beside the clear lake listening to the
mating calls of the loons.
Twice this century, Canada has sent its youth to Europe to assist in
dousing conflagrations. Twice, Europe has sent back thousands of Canadian
youths in body bags or on stretchers maimed for life. It is enough. I
have had to listen to the braggadocio of Europeans telling me how much
more history this or that European country has compared to Canada's
virtual lack of history. This is quite true. However, with all that
history, Europeans have learnt virtually nothing.
A Canadian prime minister once said, "Europe suffers from too much
history; Canada suffers from too much geography." Well, Canada can boast
of 128 years of UNINTERRUPTED democracy. We like it that way. I really
don't see that it is in the interest of any Canadian to have any of our
people in the Balkans. The Balkan problem is a problem for the Balkans to
settle. If they successfully wipe each other off the face of the map,
well, then, there will no longer be a Balkan problem. Cynical, no doubt,
but the responsibility for what is happening there lies with those who
are committing the crimes.
--
Wally Keeler Poetry
Creative Intelligence Agency is
Peoples Republic of Poetry Poetency
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| + - | Re: A PLEA TO YOUR HUMAN DIGNITY (mind) |
VÁLASZ |
Feladó:  (cikkei)
|
Get this crap out of my newsgropup. I don't have the diskspace, nor the
interest in it. We have our own problems here.
Regards,
Tahiry
Murat Kutan  ) wrote:
: >A Plea to Your Human Dignity
: >
: >It is, now, more than 3.5 years that the world is hearing horrific and
: >sorrowful news from the heart of Europe. A region which used to claim to
: >be civilized has put its civilization at risk of total nullification. The
: >most abominable and the worst human tragedy has occurred in the centre of
: >Europe, still the so-called superpowers are watching and even endorsing
: >it. What are the harvest and motives that the western governments acted so
: >decisive and swift when it came to Kuwait but are playing desperate and
: >crippled in the case of Bosnia. According to the foreign minister of
: >Bosnia the Serbs raped and murdered Civilians after taking the so-called
: >"safe area" of Srebrenica. He put the death toll as high as 5,000 to
: >10,000. "In one instance, 1,600 young boys and older men, who have been
: >considered by the same Serbs as being not at the age of to be as soldiers,
: >were executed in a soccer stadium after being taken prisoners," he added.
: A very true statement. In the last decade of the 20th century in the
: middle of Europe in Bosnia and in Karabag/Russian Armenia, a genocide
: of horrendous proportions has been going on for over four years in full
: view of the whole world. And, virtually nothing is being done about it.
: The victims of the _Muslim Holocaust_ and the whole Muslim world strongly
: believe that this rape and pillage of hundreds of thousands of Bosnian
: and Azerbaijani Muslims is allowed to happen because the victims of the
: genocide are Muslims and the perpetrators are Christians. They also believe
: that if the situation was the other way around, the powers-that-be, the
: U.S. and the Western European governments, would not stand by and watch
: such an Holocaust go on for even a few days.
: _Tovfik Kasimov_ Azeri Leader - September 25, 1992
: _The crime of systematic cleansing by mass killing and extermination
: of the Muslim population in Soviet Republic of Armenia, Karabag,
: Bosnia and Herzegovina is an 'Islamic Holocaust' comparable to the
: extermination of 2.5 million Muslims by the Armenian Government
: during the WWI and of over 6 million European Jews during the WWII._
: _Cebbar Leygara_ Kurdish Leader - October 13, 1992
: _Today's ethnic cleansing policies by the Serbians against Croatians
: and Muslims of Yugoslavia, as well as the Soviet Republic of Armenia's
: against the Muslim population of neighboring Azerbaijan, are really
: no different in their aspirations than the genocide perpetrated by
: the Armenian Government 78 years ago against the Turkish and Kurdish
: Muslims and Sephardic Jews living in these lands._
: I would recommend the following references:
: 1. _A Witness to Genocide_ The 1993 Pulitzer Prize-Winning Dispatches
: on the 'Ethnic cleansing of Bosnia,' by Roy Gutman; $12., A Lisa
: Drew Book, Macmillan Publishing Company.
: Gutman and his photographer Andree Kaiser were the first Western
: journalists to visit the Serb-run death camps. The articles include
: survivors' accounts of the death camps, the murder of prisoners,
: the government ordered wholesale rape of Muslim girls and women,
: and the destruction of over half of all mosques.
: 2. _Sarajevo_ A War Journal, by Zlatko Dizdarevich; Preface
: by Joseph Brodsky, Introduction by Robert Jay Lifton;
: $19.95, 193 pages, Fromm International.
: 3. _Farewell Sidonia_ by Erich Hackl, 135 pages, Fromm International.
: 4. _The Balkan Express_ by Slavenka Drakulic, $19.95, W. W. Norton.
: And, some of the articles...
: Serb Learnt Rape and Murder - A Report by Richard Beeston The Times (UK)
: (14/12/92)
: ===========================
: Borislav Herak delivered his gruesome confession of murder, rape and butchery
: in a clipped and awkward monotone which is as painful to watch as his story i
s
: to hear.
: He learned hand-to-hand combat using live pigs and was taught how to throw
: them, hold them down and slit their throats. Later he was told to practise
: on Bosnian prisoners of war and rape and kill young Bosnian women.
: "I did it because I had no choice, I had to obey orders," said the captured
: Serb fighter, whose deeds and his mitigation of them are chillingly reminisce
nt
: of the last time war crimes were committed in central Europe, half a century
: ago. The account of his six months service with Serbian forces north of
: Sarajevo is expected next month to be the basis for the war crimes trial of
: the conflict in the former Yugoslavia, when he will be charged with genocide,
: mass murder, rape and looting under Article 41 of the Yugoslav criminal code.
: His eyewitness testimony, the first by a participant in the notorious
: "ethnic cleaning", should also offer a unique insight into how Serb forces
: killed tens of thousands of Muslim and Croat Bosnians and drove hundreds
: of thounds from their homes in the past eight months of fighting.
: The most disturbing episodes of Mr Heraks's activities began in June,
: soon after he left his home in Sarajevo and joined the Biochanska
: Serb Militia where he received his basic training. The first hint
: of the sort of work expected of him emerged when he and other Bosnian
: Serb volunteers were shown a demonstration of hand-to-hand combat
: using pigs. Soon afterwards, in the village of Donja Bioca, he was
: ordered to repeat the exercise on Bosnian Muslims, Mr Herak, 21,
: said in an interview at Sarajevo's Victor Bubanj military prison.
: He killed three prisoners with a 6in hunting blade, an episode he
: recounted in a detached, almost dispassionate fasion: "They did not
: resist, but one of them told me he had a wife and two children. His
: name was Ahmed Ziad Osman." Mr Herak volunteered the information
: readily and insisted that he had not been coerced or mistreated during
: his captivity. Professor Aida Hasimbegovic, a clinical psychologist,
: said he displayed no severe psycological problems that would make him
: unfit to stand trial.
: That impression was confirmed when he described in a clear manner the grim
: saga of how his unit took part in the "cleansing" of the Muslim village
: of Ahatovic, north of Sarajevo, last summer. This time he used a Kalash-
: nikov rifle to shoot 20 civilians and the joined other Serbs in looting
: homes.
: "The order was that nobody should stay alive, we should kill everybody,"
: he said, adding that the instructions had come down the Serbian chain
: of command from the area commander in the town of Ilijas. "We did not
: have any choice. He told us what had to be done, and we did it."
: In probably the most gruesome episode, he said that Serb fighters
: were encouraged to rape young Bosnians at a prison turned military
: brothel where inmates were killed to make way for newcomers.
: "They told us for the sake of Serbian morale that we should go to
: the prison at the Sonja Motel in Vogosca where there were 80 to 90
: girls", he said, speaking through an interpreter. "I went about 10
: times in all, maybe two or three times a week. I was told by Miro
: Vukovic, [the Serbian Commander of the brothel] to take the girls
: away and kill them because there was no room to keep them or enough
: food to feed them.
: "I raped the girls in the motel and then took them to the Zuc hill
: [north of Sarajevo], shot them and hid their bodies. I raped 10 girls
: in their twenties and killed six of them," he said, identifying
: the victims by name - Anissa, Fatima, Maira, Sabina and Senada.
: He insisted that he was forced to act against his will because of
: the threat of punishment by his superiors. He added that Serb commanders
: continually told their men that Bosnian troops were performing worse
: against Serbian civilians and that they were in a fight for their
: survival.
: What makes his account disturbing is the clear impression that his actions
: were by no means an isolated but part of a widespread practise. The prospect
: of trial and execution did not daunt the young prisoner, who said that
: he looked forward to the judgement because he could no longer live with
: what he had done. But he doubted it would have any impact in preventing
: further brutalities.
: "All I know is that while I am here sitting and talking, these same horrors
: are going on somewhere else," he said.
: Copied without permission from:
: The New York Times OP-ED Sunday, December 13, 1992
: Rape After Rape After Rape
: ZAGREB, Croatia. What is happening in Bosnia and Herzegovina to
: Muslim and Croatian women seems unprecedented in the history of war crimes.
: Women are raped by Serbian soldiers in an organized and systematic way, as a
: planned crime to destroy a whole Muslim population, to destroy a society's
: cultural, traditional and religious integrity.
: The numbers are chilling: In October, the Ministry of Interior of
: Bosnia and Herzegovina estimated that 50,000 women and girls had been raped,
: and many impregnated on purpose. It is feared that since then the number has
: risen even further. The ministry collected and documented 13,000 cases.
: Journalists and feminists have interviewed women in refugee camps in
: Croatia, and it is through their stories that the world has discovered the
: tragedy. In the civilized world rape is a crime. Mass rape is a method of
: genocide that should become a war crime and outlawed in all international
: conventions. The lives of tens of thousands of women have been destroyed; th
e
: world owes them at least that.
: Here are accounts by three women. "E.'s" account will appear in the
: January-February issue of Ms. magazine. -SLAVENKA DRAKULIC
: Z.N., age 40.
: As soon as Chetniks [Servs] came into our city, they selected women,
: children and the old people; men were taken to a concentration camp with an
: excuse that they were mobilized. They put hundreds of us in a school in Dobo
j
: and they turned it into a kind of camp. Our Serbian neighbors locked us in.
I
: knew many; they used to visit our house. As soon as we entered a camp,
: "marticevic" [followers of Milan Martic, a Serbian leader] came in with guns
: and selected younger women and girls. They put them in the halls and told th
e
: Chetniks to do with the women what they pleased.
: There was silence. Then the crazy, dirty, stinking, Chetniks jumped
at
: the women like animals; they tore off their clothes, pulled their hair, cut
: their breasts with knives. They'd cut the belly of the women who wore the
: traditional Muslim baggy trousers. Those who screamed would be killed on the
: spot.
: In front of a few hundred prisoners they raped and tortured women and
: girls for days. It was unbearable to watch girls being raped in front of the
ir
: fathers. In the evening, after heavy drinking, the Chetniks would come in th
e
: hall with lamps. Stepping on us, they would look for girls, not older than 1
2,
: 13.
: The girls cried, holding on to their mothers. As they were taken,
: pieces of their mother's clothes remained in their hands. While doing that,
: the Chetniks would shoot at us. Later they would leave the girls' dead bodie
s
: in the hall, so we had to see them. We cried until morning. Then they would
: throw the bodies in the river.
: Every day the same picture was repeated; they would rape and kill in
: front of hundreds of us. Once a young woman with a baby was taken in the
: middle of the hall. It was in June. They ordered her to take off her clothe
s.
: She put the baby on the floor next to her. Four Chetniks raped her; she was
: silent, looking at her crying child. When she was left alone, she asked if s
he
: could breast-feed the baby. Then a Chetnik cut the child's head off with a
: knife. He gave the bloody head to the mother. The poor woman screamed. The
y
: took her outside and she never came back. The biggest criminals in Doboj are
: Bosko Jeitic, Milenko Varnjes, Mico Tuca, the brothers Stankovic and Jorgovic
.
: I was raped and tortured too, because they knew that I am a wife of a
: leader of the Muslim party. My neighbor tortured me the most, the one my
: husband respected as his own brother. By the end of June, Chetniks brought
: another neighbor of ours and with a gun pointed at him they forced him to rap
e
: a 14-year-old girl. He stood trembling and stuttering with fear.
: Then he turned to a Chetnik he believed was a leader and said, "Don't
: make me do it. I have known her since she was born - her father and I drank
to
: her birth." They beat him in front of us until he died. It was an example t
o
: the other Serbs that there is no pity, that one must do what leaders order th
em
: to do.
: In August some prisoners were exchanged including me and my sons. Ma
ny
: women and girls who were pregnant remained in the camp. They were transferre
d
: to a hospital and fed twice a day because, as the Chetniks said, they had to
: bear their offspring.
: E.N., age 14 and her mother.
: E.N: That commander was big, fat, dirty old guy. He had gray hair wi
th
: a white tuft at his forehead. He stank of brandy, really stank. He had a ma
sk
: on. He nodded toward me and ordered me angrily to stand up. We went in one
: room; my legs trembled, I couldn't walk at all. He then pushed me but I
: trembled terribly and inside me everything trembled. I thought he would
: slaughter me and I couldn't ever pray. He asked me crudely if I had ever had
: sex. "Please, don't" - I beg him. Then he pushed me, hit me and threw me on
a
: bed, tore off my dress and hit me again. He put his hand over my mouth. I
: screamed again. He hit me; he shouted at me.
: The mother: I heard my child screaming. She called for help. I hea
rd
: his grunting, his howling. My womb hurt as if someone is pulling it out. My
: mind darkened, but there was nothing I could do. My child was suffocating
: under his fist. I heard him: "Is it good, you dog?" He was more and more
: violent. He repeated the same question until she nodded yes. He asked if sh
e
: wants more. I heard her pleading, "Please, don't." He went out of the room
: and said angrily to me, "Don't let anyone touch the little one."
: In other rooms, my sister's daughters were raped in the same way.
: While this was going on, one Chetnik guarded me and my sister. We found my
: sister's dauther unconscious and naked. My dress was torn apart and she had
: visible injuries on her body.
: E., age 16.
: The massacre after the attack on my village had been the greatest
: tragedy of my life. I did not know then that destiny had something even wors
e
: in store for me.
: Several Chetniks arrived. One, a man around 30, ordered me to follow
: him into the house. I had to go. He started looking for money, jewelry and
: other valuables. He wanted to know where the men were. I didn't answer. Th
en
: he ordered me to undress. I was terribly afraid. I took off my clothes,
: feeling that I was falling apart. The feeling seemed under my skin; I was
: dying, my entire being was murdered. I closed my eyes, I couldn't look at hi
m.
: He hit me. I fell. Then he lay on me. He did it to me. I cried, twisted m
y
: body convulsively, bled. I had been a virgin.
: He went out and invited two Chetniks to come in. I cried. The two
: repeated what the first one had done to me. I felt lost. I didn't even know
: when they had left. I don't know how long I stayed there, lying on the floor
: alone, in a pool of blood.
: My mother found me. I couldn't imagine anything worse. I had been
: raped, destroyed and terribly hurt. But for my mother this was the greatest
: sorrow of our lives. We both cried and screamed. She dressed me.
: I would like to be a mother some day. But how? In my world, men
: represent terrible violence and pain. I cannot control that feeling.
: HOLOCAUST IN BOSNIA
: Sir, The greatest human disaster to have happened in Europe since
: the Second World War is taking place in Bosnia; the most ruthless
: and calculated aggression not just against a state but against a
: people; large-scale massacre, the herding of tens of thousands of
: ordinary people into concentration camps, sealed trains and
: exile. Why? Because they are not Serbs. This recrudescence of
: racist nationalism of the crudest type is a mirror image of the
: Nazi treatment of the Jews. Only this time the victims are
: Muslims.
: Bosnia is an independent country recognised by both the
: European Community and the United Nations. Its government has
: followed a policy backed by the large majority of its citizens
: and in no way discriminatory against the rest. It has appealed
: repeatedly for help from the world community against aggression
: and genocide. The people of Bosnia have lived together for
: centuries in a completely mixed way and no policy of
: "cantonisation" (which in effect is a mere subterfuge for handing
: over large parts of the country to Serbia) could possibly do
: justice to such a community. Moreover its imposition would be a
: betrayal of a European ideal of pluralism, an ideal which it is
: ironically the Muslims who are defending. What has destabilised
: Bosnia has been the rise of a Serbian racialist nationalism
: espoused by Milosevic and the plan to create a "greater Serbia"
: by "ethnic cleansing" of large areas which never have been
: Serbia. The government of Bosnia is not then standing for the
: rights of Muslims alone. It is standing for Bosnia's historic
: character as an open society in which Muslims and Christians live
: freely together. Nowhere else have Muslims been more open, more
: friendly, more integrated into the European world.
: The vicious attack going on today by a nominally Christian
: group upon a Muslim community will enormously increase the
: pressures towards fundamentalism in Islam all across the world
: and will immensely damage Europe's own resources for reconciling
: Muslim and non-Muslim. It is a religious as well as a human
: tragedy of the first order.
: Britain has, sad to say, the greatest responsibility for the
: failure to respond to Bosnia's pleas for help. The British
: government has consistently impeded the giving of effective
: assistance through insisting on a continuation of Lord
: Carrington's wholly-ineffectual role and arguing mistakenly that
: this is a war internal to Bosnia. Essentially it is not. The
: Serbian minority within Bosnia is seizing control simply through
: the services of the planes, heavy artillery and tanks of the
: former Yugoslav army controlled and manned from Belgrade.
: What have the Churches done to speak out in defence of Bosnia,
: of its peace-loving Muslim community and against a revival of the
: most virulent racism? There appears to have been a most striking
: silence from all the principal church leaders in Britain. It will
: go down in history. We pour out our tears at the Holocaust, but
: close our eyes to the Holocaust happening in 1992. "Only he who
: shouts for the Jews may sing the Gregorian chant", declared
: Bonhoeffer 50 years ago. Only he who shouts for the Bosnian
: Muslims is entitled to do so today.
: Adrian HASTINGS,
: Professor of Theology,
: Department of Theology and
: Religious Studies, University
: of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
: THE TABLET, London, 8 August 1992
: _US News and World Report_ p. 16, July 19,1993
: BOSNIA: 'THE THRESHOLD OF A FINAL SOLUTION'
: No one ever expected the summer in Bosnia to be more dangerous than
: the winter. But with relief supplies and funds dwindling, electricity
: and water mostly cut off because of fighting and convoys being held
: up for supplies and money, the dangers of disease and starvation match
: the growing sense of desperation. In Tuzla, starving refugees
: repeatedly stormed United Nations warehouses last week. In Sarajevo,
: citizens have begun boiling water sewage for water. And across Bosnia
: reports of suicide are increasing. Without fast improvement "a
: catastrophe will take place the likes of which Europe and the world
: have not witnessed since the dark days of the Second World War" warned
: the chief of the World Health Organization.
: Throughout the crisis, governments opposed to more decisive action have
: cited the need to protect the humanitarian effort. But with donations
: to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees at only one third
: the level needed, Bosnians have a growing sense that the country is
: being written off. Bosnia's leadership continues to resist a
: Serb-Croat plan to end the fighting by dividing the country into
: three ethnic states. But last week Bosnia's Serbs threatened that
: the alternative will be a crushing military defeat. Meantime, the
: international community remains unwilling to intervene. "I think
: we are on the threshold of a final solution," Serbian President
: Slobodan Milosevic said last week with ominous irony.
: (c) Wall Street Journal Syndicate
: 18 July 1993
: WORLD AGAIN CONFRONTS MORAL ISSUES OF WAR CRIMES
: BALKAN ATROCITIES PROMPT U.N. TO ESTABLISH TRIBUNAL
: by
: Carla Anne Robbins
: CHICAGO -- Unspeakable crimes have been committed in Bosnia and
: throughout the former Yugoslavia. But will there be any justice?
: Evidence is being cataloged here in a few small rooms at DePaul
: University's College of Law. Hunched over their keyboards, four
: researchers pore over documents and then methodically type into
: computers every available account of human cruelty and suffering.
: From Visegrad comes the testimony of a girl who says she was
: raped by members of the White Eagles, a Serbian paramilitary group.
: >From Srebrenica, a list of 86 men and women reported missing by
: neighbors and friends. "Are there two towns -- Sreenica and
: Srebrenica -- or has this been misspelled?" asks second-year law
: student John Geiringer as he searches a map on the wall.
: The numbers being entered are as chilling as the narratives:
: some 25,000 victims of rape, torture, murder and ethnic cleansing.
: Most of the perpetrators are Serbs, though Croats and Muslims also
: are on the list of suspects.
: Cherif Bassiouni, a prominent expert in international law who
: began the project for the United Nations more than six months ago
: hopes the data will lay the foundation for an international war-
: crimes tribunal, the first since Nazi leaders were tried at
: Nuremberg and Japanese leaders in Tokyo after World War II.
: "So far what we have are allegations, some in incredible detail,"
: Bassiouni says. But corroboration "can be found, indictments issued
: and criminals brought to trial," he says. "What it requires is will."
: Whether that will exists, however, is a matter of considerable
: debate. The international community has a troubling history in
: Yugoslavia of failing to live up to either its promises or its
: threats.
: But having begun the extraordinary process of war-crimes prosecutions
: the world already has rendered a powerful moral judgment. If the
: tribunal is sidetracked now, that will send a message of impunity to
: future offenders and further damage the U.N.'s credibility.
: The U.N. Security Council in May ordered the establishment of a
: war-crimes tribunal based in The Hague to prosecute atrocities in the
: former Yugoslavia. Yet vital steps remain before trials can begin.
: A chief prosecutor must be named. The 56-year old, Egyptian-born
: Bassiouni is a dark-horse candidate in the highly politicized process
: that could be completed as early as this month. U.N. member states are
: to file nominations for the tribunal's 11 judges by August. Indictments
: could be issued by early next year under the plan.
: Despite these preparations, however, the proposed tribunal is
: dismissed by many in the international community as one more empty
: gesture on Bosnia. As most of the apparent criminals also are the
: victors in Yugoslavia's civil wars, diplomats ask, who would ever
: turn them in? What is to stop political leaders from negotiating
: their own amnesty as part of a less than honorable peace? And why
: would the United States and the rest of the international community,
: which have done so little to prevent the crimes, want to be reminded
: of the consequence of their inaction?
: "My greatest fear is that, like with everything else about Bosnia,
: political expediency will prevail," says Venezuela's U.N. Ambassador
: Diego Arria.
: Yet U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Madeleine Albright, who
: has championed the tribunal, believes prosecutions will proceed. States
: will be required to arrest and hand over to the tribunal anyone indicted
: or face international sanctions, she says, and suspects who resist will
: be trapped in their countries for the rest of their lives.
: "Nobody thinks it will be easy, nobody thinks enough is being done ...
: but the thing I've learned about the U.N. is that once a process like
: this gets started it's hard to turn it off," Ambassador Albright says.
: And, though President Clinton and his aides are trying their best
: these days to keep Bosnia out of the policy spotlight, the administra-
: tion is actively promoting the war-crimes tribunal. The U.S. Information
: Agency has begun distributing to American embassies around the world
: a 50-minute documentary on Yugoslavia's horrors and the need for a
: formal accounting.
: Since Nuremberg, the idea of international war-crimes trials has been
: raised preliminarily many times. Cambodia's Pol Pot, Uganda's Idi Amin
: and Iraq's Saddam Hussein all were likely defendants. Although domestic
: proceedings have been held in a number of countries under national laws,
: including the U.S. trial of Army Lt. William Calley for the murders of
: Vietnamese civilians, the international community always shied away
: from a global indictment.
: "The idea makes countries nervous," says Aryeh Neier, former executive
: director of Human Rights Watch. "Ultimately they fear that either they
: will be placed in the dock or their allies and friends will."
: In Bosnia, that wariness was reinforced by considerations of political
: expediency. Reluctant to intervene militarily, the West continued to
: place its hopes on a diplomatic settlement. And indicting political
: leaders in the midst of negotiations could certainly have had a chilling
: effect.
: Nevertheless, the process was jump-started late last year when outgoing
: Secretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger -- a longtime proponent of
: negotiations -- suddenly lost patience. At a Geneva peace conference,
: he accused Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic, Bosnian Serb leader
: Radovan Karadzic and Bosnian Serb military commander Ratko Mladic, along
: with seven others, of responsibility for "crimes against humanity."
: "What triggered me was a conversation I had with Holocaust survivor
: and Nobel laureate Elie Wiesel," Eagleburger says. "He persuaded me that
: these people needed to be named and that this conduct could not go on.
: It was my last opportunity to do it, and I did it on my own."
: The reaction in the room, Eagleburger says, was "dead silence" from
: America's closest allies and subsequent criticism from international
: negotiator Lord Owen, who "made it clear that he considered my remarks
: unhelpful." Reporters noted that, in an ironic moment, as Eagleburger
: departed the conference room he passed by karadzic, who was also in
: Geneva for the peace talks. Eagleburger says he doesn't remember the
: near-encounter. "But it doesn't really matter," he says. "I wouldn't
: have talked to the son of a bitch anyway."
: The Eagleburger initiative helped prod the U.N., which had already
: begun to move tentatively toward some type of accounting. In October,
: the Security Council established an "Experts' Commission," with Prof.
: Bassiouni and four other judicial experts, to investigate and produce
: evidence of "grave breaches" of international law.
: As specified in the Geneva Conventions, "war crimes" and "crimes
: against humanity" include the wanton killing of civilians, torture,
: rape, the destruction of religious sites, indiscriminate bombing and
: mistreatment of prisoners of war.
: The Commission's job hasn't been easy. It was given neither investi-
: gators nor subpoena power to gather evidence.
: The Commission's few attempts to mount field investigations have
: suffered most. In December, the Commission sent four forensic experts
: from the Boston-based Physicians for Human Rights to investigate a
: report of a massacre near the Serbian-held town of Vukovar in eastern
: Croatia. According to one survivor, 175 Croatian hospital patients
: had been shot in a farm field, their bodies dumped into a mass grave.
: A preliminary survey of the site turned up 11 bodies and an indication
: that a massacre had indeed taken place, according to Eric Stover,
: executive director of Physicians for Human Rights. He believes that
: as many as 200 people may have died. "In a clearing to the right of
: the graves we also found spent AK-47 cartridges ... the pattern you'd
: expect to find if a line of executioners were firing," he says.
: But to accumulate physical evidence strong enough to stand up in
: court, the investigators estimated they would need about three weeks
: of field work. Also needed would be a backhoe, refrigeration units
: to store exhumed bodies, basic housing, combat-engineering support
: and military protection.
: Seven months later, the requested support and protection hasn't
: been supplied, and the project has stalled. In June, the Clinton
: administration turned down a U.N. request to provide combat engineers
: for the project after Defense Secretary Les Aspin decided that the
: mission would be too dangerous for U.S. troops. Instead, the
: administration offered to provide $180,000 in supplies.
: The Expert Commission's most active effort may be the DePaul University
: database project. But without their own field investigators, Bassiouni
: and his researchers have been compelled to draw their information from
: news accounts, reports by human-rights organizations, and often-sanitized
: government documents.
: Though the United States has provided some of the most detailed and
: horrifying accounts of atrocities, Bassiouni says the sourcing is
: "flimsy." The reports are identified as coming from newspapers,
: television or unspecified U.S. government sources, with no supporting
: evidnece provided.
: Bassiouni has had problems prying information from both U.S. and
: U.N. military sources. U.S. officials say they are trying to figure out
: how to make more in-depth information available without jeopardizing
: intelligence sources.
: It is planned that the tribunal will have better resources, including
: subpoena powers and the threat of Security Council sanctions to back up
: its demands. It also will have a staff of about 100, U.N. sources say,
: including 22 field investigators and prosecutors. By contrast, at
: Nurmeberg there were about 1,000 field investigators and prosecutors
: to try 22 defendants.
: There will still be constraints. Whatever the ultimate settlement
: in Bosnia, the U.N. won't be an occupying force and won't acquire
: the "paper trail" of thousands of documents detailing Nazi crimes
: seized by the allies after World War II.
: It is conceivable that, this time, the court will never get any
: of the worst offenders to appear. To avoid any suggestion of "show
: trials," the Security Council stipulated that no accused would be
: tried in absentia.
: But perhaps the biggest question is what the Security Council
: will do if all sides to the conflict agree to an amnesty as part of
: a peace settlement. Will the prosecutor continue the investigations?
: And will the Security Council back up indictments with sanctions,
: if needed, even at the risk of disrupting a peace accord?
: Murat Kutan
: <<We have never denied the Armenian crime of genocide
: inflicted upon 2.5 million Muslim people between 1914
: and 1920.>> {A. Zahorian -- 'Voices of Agonies', p. 91}
|
| + - | The "Goncz Law" (mind) |
VÁLASZ |
Feladó:  (cikkei)
|
Does anybody know of the fate of the proposed new legislation by
president Goncz that was supposed to provide strict penalties for
offenses against racial minorities? The legislation was supposed to
have been on the Parliament's agenda on last March, but I don't recall
anything about it at that time.
Was that proposed quietly dropped? I hope so, because I thought its
provisions were so vague that even peceived offenses could have been
prosecuted. Not to mention the conflict with freedom of speech.
Joe
|
| + - | IV. World Congress of Hungarians (mind) |
VÁLASZ |
Feladó:  (cikkei)
|
IV. World-Congress of Hungarians - 1996.
The Hungary.Network maintains a homepage for the MVSZ (The World Federation
of Hungarians) at their web site (http://www.hungary.com). I found a very
interesting announcement there about the preliminary program of the IV.
World Congress of Hungarians. For the benefit of those readers who may not
have access to the web, I copied this program here in an abbreviated form
and without the diacritics on the Hungarian vowels. The focus of the
activities is the celebration a 1100th anniversary of the Hunngarian
Conquest of the Carpathian Basin.
Barna Bozoki
-----------------------
A MAGYAROK IV. VILAGKONGRESSZUSA RENDEZVENYEI
Idopont (Date) Rendezveny (Program) Helyszin(Loc.)
> ===================================================================
1996.III.21. A magyar oktatas 1000. evford. Pannonhalma
kiallitas megnyitasa
1996.V.4-6. Varadinum Nagyvarad
1996. V.7-12. Irok, mforditok II. Vilagtalalkozoja Lendva
1996.VI.8-9. Duna eredetenel emlektabla Donaueschingen
vagy 15-16. elhelyezese
1996.VI. 14. MVSZ Onallo Kiallitasi Pavilonjanak Opusztaszer
unnepelyes megnyitoja
Hunor-Magor szoboravatas Opusztaszer
DUNA-TV-vel kozosen
es egyeb programok (l:melleklet)
1996.VI.14-16. Magyarok IV. Vilagkongresszusa Opusztaszer-Bpest
1996.VI.16-17. A magyarok szerepe a vilag Budapest
tudomanyos haladasaban--talalkozo
1996.VI.26-30. Magyar Polgarmesterek VilagtalalkozojaGodollo --
Opusztaszer
1996.VI. Vallalkozok II. Vilagtalalkozoja Nyiregyhaza
1996.VII.01-06. Mo-on vegzett kulfoldi diakok Budapest es
I. Talalkozoja (cca 1000 fo) videki varosok
1996.VII.3. Magyar Feltalalok es Tudosok Budapest
Muzeumanak megnyitasa MTESZ
1996.VII.10-22. Magyar Cserkesz-jemboree Opusztaszer
1996.VII. Europa Jovoje Kecskemet
Nemzetkozi Gyermektalalkozo
1996.VIII.1-6. Magyar Torteneszek es regeszek Somogy-megye
III. Vilagtalalkozoja Eszek
1996.VIII.1-10. Gabor Denes Msz.Inform.Foiskola Budapest es
Informatikusok Vilagtalalk. 24 helyszin
1996.VIII.3-12. Reformatus Vilagtalalkozo Nagyvarad, Marosvhely
Kolozsvar, Szekelyfold
Ungvar, Kassa
1996. VIII.10-13. Tortenelmi diakkollegiumok Papa
Talalkozoja
1996.VIII.12. Magyar Nepfoisk.Kollegium Sarospatak
Konferencia Borsi
1996.VIII.13-19. Magyar geografusok, foldtudoma- Balatonalmadi-
nyi szakemberek Vilagtalalk. Vorosbereny
1996.VIII.15-20. Magyarok Vilagjateka Opusztaszer
Sportrendezveny
1996.VIII. 16-18. Magyar Eu. Tarsasag Kaposvar
Magyar Orvosok Vilagtalalk.
1996.VIII.16-23. Finn-ugor nepek Budapest
II. Vilagkongresszusa
1996.VIII.17. Honfoglalasi Emlekmu avatasa Verecke
1996.VIII.17-20. Magyar Nok Vilagtalalkozoja
1996.VIII.20. Magyar Neptancosok Budapest
Vilagversenyenek dontoje Margit sziget
1996.IX.1-8 Magyar Hadigondozottak Zalakaros
Vilagtalalkozoja
1996.IX.9-14. IV. Nemzetkozi Hungarologia Roma
Kongresszus Napoly
1996.IX.29. Marton Aron szuletesenek Gyulafehervar
100 evforduloja
1996.IX.. Kulfoldi Magyar Hazak elso Semmelweis u.
hazai bemutatkozasa es
1996.X.3-5. Hataron tuli magyar irodalmi Budapest
emlekhelyek talalkozoja
1996.X.23. Az 1956-os Magyar Forradalom Budapest
40. evford. melto megunneplese
1996.X.23. Hatagu Sip
Vers- es prozamondo verseny donto Bp.Semmelweis u.
1996. Csipike Gyermekvilagtalalkozo Csikszereda
1996. II. Magyar Ifjusagi Vilagtalalkozo Budapest
1996. Magyar Kepzomv. es Budapest
Iparmveszek Vilagtalalk.
1996. Magyar Mediumok kepviseloinek
Vilagtalalkozoja
1996. Kulfoldi-magyar es a magyar-kulfoldi
barati tarsasagok vezetoinek
Vilagtalalkozoja
1996. Georgikon Keszthely
200 eves unnepsegek
1996. Hataron Tuli Magyar Politikusok Budapest
Foruma
1996. Kozos ertekeink -- Diakvetelkedo Budapest
DUNA-TV-vel kozosen
1996. Mitosz es tortenelem honismereti
vetelkedo sorozat
1996. Magyar Folklor Fesztival Gombaszog
Kodaly Zoltan nepdaleneklesi Felvidek
verseny dontoje
1996. Parizsi Magyar Egyesulet Parizs
150. evfordulo
1996. Az amerikai-magyar bevan- USA kulonbozo
dorlas 100. evforduloja varosai
megemlekezesek-kiallitasok
1996. Kanadai magyar emigracio Toronto
110 eves evfordulo -- unnepsegsorozat
1996. Magyar Szellemi Alapitvany
palyazatanak eredmenyhirdetese
1996. VIII. Anyanyelvi Konferencia Eger
1996. Karpatia Park megnyitasa Baranya megye
1996. Nemzetkozi Gazdatalalkozo Budapest
1996.X. Magyar Bortermelok es Villany
Borbaratok Vilagtalalkozoja
1996. Szulofoldjukrol eluldozott Eszek
magyarok talalkozoja
A horvatorszagi haboru magyar
aldozatai tiszteletere felallitott
kopjafa felavatasa
|
| + - | Csodaszarvas (mind) |
VÁLASZ |
Feladó:  (cikkei)
|
This is a multi-part message in MIME format.
---------------------------------80711223211157
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Daniel I tryed to EMAIL this to you but I didnt have the EMAIL address
recorded properly.  ) So I am posting it here.
-----------------
---------------------------------80711223211157
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/plain
The Legend of the Turul
Fred Hamori
Introduction
The "Turul" is a giant mythical eagle (or falcon), a messenger
of god in Hungarian mythology, who sits on top of the tree of
life along with the other spirits of unborn children in
the form birds. She is often replaced by the sun in
illustrations of the tree of life. @note(The word "Turul" is
common with the Turkic "Togrul" In the Altaic languages it is a
vulture, and in Sumerian it is called the im- "Dugud" eagle,
which is a lion headed giant bird.)
In Asian legends the Turul brings the priesthood first to the
woman Emeshe @note(EMESH means priestess in Sumerian, Anton
Diemel, "Sumerich-Akkadisches Glossar, pg 92) and her son by
causing her to be fertile. They and their descendants are the
first priests (KHAM), who can read the will of god from the
heavens and stars. The Turul is also the symbol of the house
of Atilla as well as the Hungarian Arpad @note(The Arpad name
can be found from ancient Egypt, as the name of kings "Erpat"
to northern Mesopotamia, in the rulers Arpaxad and cities of
Arpad, from ancient times.) dynasty kings of Hungary. The
following mythical story explains the origin of this
dynasty and its symbolism.
According to the legend of origin of the Arpad clan, it was the
divine intervention of god, through his messenger the Turul,
which founded the royal family. The following is a recounting of
the legend by the chronicler "Anonymous", the royal scribe of
King Bela III (1172-1196).
The Legend of the Turul
"In the year of our lord 819, Ugyek, the descendant of King
Magog @note(The Scythian King Magog of the Bible lived in
Northern Mesopotamia during the reign of the Assyrian king,
Ashurbanipal, according to surviving Assyrian records.) and a
royal leader of the land of Scythia, married the daughter of
 (The distorted Latinized name perhaps can mean
Nagy=eNed + Bela=Belia, meaning "Great Lord/King", many early
Hungarian kings were named Bela [pronounced BAILA] using a title
of Mesopotamian origin), whose name was EMESHE. From her was born
their first son ALMOS.
@note(In modern Hungarian the name ALMOS means sleepy/dreamer,
the ancient Ugrian form of the word dream however was ADOM, ADAM.
The Kiev Chronicles called him Olma.)
"The boy obtained his name because of the unusual circumstances
of his birth, when his mother in a vision saw the great Turul
descend from heaven on her and made her fertile. A great spring
welled forth from her womb and began flowing westward. It grew
and grew until it became a torrent which swept over the snow
covered mountains into the beautiful lowlands on the other side.
There the waters stopped and from the water grew a wondrous tree
with golden branches. She imagined famed kings were to be born
from her descendants, who shall rule not here in their present
lands but over that distant land in her dreams, surrounded with
tall mountains."
Almos, the new son, was born to EMESE and he grew up to be a dark
complexioned, handsome black-eyed young man, who was slender and
very tall. He became a good-natured, generous and wise leader and
a brave warrior. When he reached maturity he became the greatest
and most powerful and the wisest of the leaders of Scythia, and
for that reason, everyone in the country sought his advice on
matters of importance. When he became an adult, he married the
daughter of a prominent family and from their union was born
their son Arpad, whom he brought to Pannonia [the ancient
name of Hungary] and who became the military commander-in-chief
of the invasion and the elected king of the united nations of
Megyer, Kari, Kasi, Jeno, Kurt-Gyarmat, Nyek,  (The
tribal-national names survived in various place names in Hungary)
Almos was a great diplomat who later made alliances with the
Greeks, the Kazar tribes to which the Hungarians were once allied,
with and the Kabars tribes who also quit the Kazars and joined
the Hungarians. The Kazars tried to keep the Hungarians from
leaving their alliance and turned the eastern Petchegen Turks on
them, without success.
"Since the land of Scythia became too crowded with the many other
local nations, and the land could no longer support them all nor
accept them after their death, they decided to leave." There were
also growing pressures from the expanding Mohammedan empires toward
the south, pushing refugees from these areas, including Magyar
clans, from the Caucasus Mtns. @note(The battles of Al Laks
739-740 AD, and their leader "Upas Ibn Madjar" are refered to by
the Arab historians Baladhuri and Bal'ami. Discussed in Victor
Padanyi's book, Dentumagyaria) Religious rivalry among the
Kazars, who had large Muslim, Christian, and Jewish as well as
the ancient Magian-Shamanic faiths represented also caused the
disunity of the empire, which exhibited freedom of religion
unheard of anywhere else in this age.
"The seven chiefs of the seven nations who to this day are called the
Hetumoger (7 Magyars) could no longer bear to live in their
crowded and troubled lands and decided to leave their ancestral
homeland and go where there was bountiful land. They
selected the land of Pannonia, because it was a good rich land
and was once the land of Atilla the ancestor of Almos, the father
of Arpad."@note(It was presumed by most people even in the middle
ages that Arpads ancestor was Atilla the Hun, even though the
name Atilla was probably a title, which could have been used by
more than one "Great & Mighty" ruler. The white huns, the
Heitals, were also called Hai-atila "mighty" and they were
racialy distinctly different from Atilla's Huns.)
The Blood Union
"The seven rulers fully realized that the only way to succeed in
the difficult venture was to unite under a common ruler and
commander. Therefore with common will and free choice they
elected Almos as their leader and guaranteed the leadership to
him and his descendants. They told him, "From this day forward
we select you as our leader and lord and whichever way your
fortune leads, we shall follow you." After their custom each of
the rulers cut themselves on their arm and let a small amount of
their blood mix in an urn, representing the unification of their
nations, and they made a solemn oath of loyalty and devotion to
their new unity. They believed that all such oaths shall be
observed until their death, saying: "As long as we shall live, as
well as the lives of our descendants, we and our descendants
shall be led by Almos and his descendants." The second part of
the oath was as follows: "All the property we shall obtain in
common, we shall share equally." The third part of the oath was:
"If any of the descendants should be disloyal to the ruler and
cause discord among the ruler and his relatives, then shall their
blood pour out as ours does now as we make the bond of blood with
you." The fifth part of the oath was as follows: "If anyone of
the descendants breaks this oath should he be forever cursed."
They organized and prepared for their long journey with great
care and moved from the land of Scythia, which many early
Hungarians called Hetumagyar, in memory of the original ancient
Scythia on the borderlands of Persia @note(In the ancient legends
of Persia, the Zend Avesta, the ancient Scythian nation of
"Haetumat" was located in Sakastan "scythia" east of Persia.) and
moved to the "land between the rivers", which in the old language
was known as "ATIL-koz". @note(ATIL or ETEL meant great river or
water)
"This was their temporary homeland for several years until they
thoroughly scouted the surrounding lands and made alliances with
their new neighbors." The Russian Kiev Chronicles recount this
period well since this city was part of their country for a long
time and, for a period before the occupation of Hungary, it was the
residence of Almos. The chronicle continues: "Their next step was to prepare fo
r the
occupation of the future homeland and the unification with their
western Hungarian relatives the "White Hungarians", who settled
in Hungary with the Avars. Some say the late Avars were in fact
Hungarians who settled in 670AD, and that is why some of the
Hungarian Chronicles give this year as the year of settlement
rather than the date of the Magyar confederations date of arrival
in 896  (Laszlo Gyula, Kettos Honfoglalas, Budapest 1978,
pg 83)
Background
Some historians and romantics write of this period as though the
Magyars were nomadic people. Nothing could be farther from the
truth, since they started cultivation of the land almost as soon
as they settled in Hungary, cultivating a large variety of
grains. Archeologists have also found settlements in southern
Russia which are probably of Hungarian origin with a rich variety
of cultivated plants and domesticated animals, as well as
advanced metal-working. Mohammedan merchants also wrote of their
settlements (in the Ukraine) where they mentioned their farmlands.
The Hungarians
also brought many unique new breeds of animals with them from
their previous homeland, some of which are still out of place in
the European continent and are actually rare in Asia as well. The
unusual Hungarian dog breeds (Komondor, Puli), the "gray" large
horned cattle appear similar to the ancient Egyptian varieties.
The spiral horned RACKA sheep appears similar to the ancient
Sumerian "goat". They also brought with them a huge and mean-
tempered bison-like cattle, which became extinct in the 16th
century. For many centuries Hungary supplied central Europe with
cattle. Their horses were a new breed in Europe which became
famous and highly prized because of their endurance and
agility. Hungarian words and equipment for basic farming are in
general not in common with European languages, showing that they
brought these basic words with them from their previous homeland
where they lived in semi-permanent communities until, like the
American pioneers, they moved west in covered wagons with their
families. There were several cities founded by Hungarians also
in their previous homeland which survived a long time after their
leaving, such as the city a Magyar (Madzar) between the Black Sea
and the Caspean Sea. They brought with them their own special
writing which was perfectly suited to their language and was
completely phonetic. Their rich clothes culture was commented
on by Muslim traders and Germans alike. Some christians
complained about adopting Hungarian customs by travelers through
early Hungary such as wearing underwear and bathing daily, which was
unheard of in Europe in those days. All these records written
during the times indicates a rich and varied material culture and
high level of development of a people, which enriched European
civilization and in following ages buffered and protected
European civilization from the intrusion of barbaric nations of
Central and Eastern Asia. Unfortunately the Hungarian style of
warfare also scared the Europeans and reminded them too much of
the previous Asian conquerors, the Huns and Avars, and they
transferred their disdain of these people over to the Hungarians
with many of their characterizations, which had nothing to do with
Hungarians.
---------------------------------80711223211157--
|
| + - | Csodaszarvas (mind) |
VÁLASZ |
Feladó:  (cikkei)
|
This is a multi-part message in MIME format.
---------------------------------7211886111647
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
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Dan this is the second thing you asked for, in Hungarian legends.
---------------------------------7211886111647
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/plain
The Legend of the Turul
Fred Hamori
Introduction
The "Turul" is a giant mythical eagle (or falcon), a messenger
of god in Hungarian mythology, who sits on top of the tree of
life along with the other spirits of unborn children in
the form birds. She is often replaced by the sun in
illustrations of the tree of life. @note(The word "Turul" is
common with the Turkic "Togrul" In the Altaic languages it is a
vulture, and in Sumerian it is called the im- "Dugud" eagle,
which is a lion headed giant bird.)
In Asian legends the Turul brings the priesthood first to the
woman Emeshe @note(EMESH means priestess in Sumerian, Anton
Diemel, "Sumerich-Akkadisches Glossar, pg 92) and her son by
causing her to be fertile. They and their descendants are the
first priests (KHAM), who can read the will of god from the
heavens and stars. The Turul is also the symbol of the house
of Atilla as well as the Hungarian Arpad @note(The Arpad name
can be found from ancient Egypt, as the name of kings "Erpat"
to northern Mesopotamia, in the rulers Arpaxad and cities of
Arpad, from ancient times.) dynasty kings of Hungary. The
following mythical story explains the origin of this
dynasty and its symbolism.
According to the legend of origin of the Arpad clan, it was the
divine intervention of god, through his messenger the Turul,
which founded the royal family. The following is a recounting of
the legend by the chronicler "Anonymous", the royal scribe of
King Bela III (1172-1196).
The Legend of the Turul
"In the year of our lord 819, Ugyek, the descendant of King
Magog @note(The Scythian King Magog of the Bible lived in
Northern Mesopotamia during the reign of the Assyrian king,
Ashurbanipal, according to surviving Assyrian records.) and a
royal leader of the land of Scythia, married the daughter of
 (The distorted Latinized name perhaps can mean
Nagy=eNed + Bela=Belia, meaning "Great Lord/King", many early
Hungarian kings were named Bela [pronounced BAILA] using a title
of Mesopotamian origin), whose name was EMESHE. From her was born
their first son ALMOS.
@note(In modern Hungarian the name ALMOS means sleepy/dreamer,
the ancient Ugrian form of the word dream however was ADOM, ADAM.
The Kiev Chronicles called him Olma.)
"The boy obtained his name because of the unusual circumstances
of his birth, when his mother in a vision saw the great Turul
descend from heaven on her and made her fertile. A great spring
welled forth from her womb and began flowing westward. It grew
and grew until it became a torrent which swept over the snow
covered mountains into the beautiful lowlands on the other side.
There the waters stopped and from the water grew a wondrous tree
with golden branches. She imagined famed kings were to be born
from her descendants, who shall rule not here in their present
lands but over that distant land in her dreams, surrounded with
tall mountains."
Almos, the new son, was born to EMESE and he grew up to be a dark
complexioned, handsome black-eyed young man, who was slender and
very tall. He became a good-natured, generous and wise leader and
a brave warrior. When he reached maturity he became the greatest
and most powerful and the wisest of the leaders of Scythia, and
for that reason, everyone in the country sought his advice on
matters of importance. When he became an adult, he married the
daughter of a prominent family and from their union was born
their son Arpad, whom he brought to Pannonia [the ancient
name of Hungary] and who became the military commander-in-chief
of the invasion and the elected king of the united nations of
Megyer, Kari, Kasi, Jeno, Kurt-Gyarmat, Nyek,  (The
tribal-national names survived in various place names in Hungary)
Almos was a great diplomat who later made alliances with the
Greeks, the Kazar tribes to which the Hungarians were once allied,
with and the Kabars tribes who also quit the Kazars and joined
the Hungarians. The Kazars tried to keep the Hungarians from
leaving their alliance and turned the eastern Petchegen Turks on
them, without success.
"Since the land of Scythia became too crowded with the many other
local nations, and the land could no longer support them all nor
accept them after their death, they decided to leave." There were
also growing pressures from the expanding Mohammedan empires toward
the south, pushing refugees from these areas, including Magyar
clans, from the Caucasus Mtns. @note(The battles of Al Laks
739-740 AD, and their leader "Upas Ibn Madjar" are refered to by
the Arab historians Baladhuri and Bal'ami. Discussed in Victor
Padanyi's book, Dentumagyaria) Religious rivalry among the
Kazars, who had large Muslim, Christian, and Jewish as well as
the ancient Magian-Shamanic faiths represented also caused the
disunity of the empire, which exhibited freedom of religion
unheard of anywhere else in this age.
"The seven chiefs of the seven nations who to this day are called the
Hetumoger (7 Magyars) could no longer bear to live in their
crowded and troubled lands and decided to leave their ancestral
homeland and go where there was bountiful land. They
selected the land of Pannonia, because it was a good rich land
and was once the land of Atilla the ancestor of Almos, the father
of Arpad."@note(It was presumed by most people even in the middle
ages that Arpads ancestor was Atilla the Hun, even though the
name Atilla was probably a title, which could have been used by
more than one "Great & Mighty" ruler. The white huns, the
Heitals, were also called Hai-atila "mighty" and they were
racialy distinctly different from Atilla's Huns.)
The Blood Union
"The seven rulers fully realized that the only way to succeed in
the difficult venture was to unite under a common ruler and
commander. Therefore with common will and free choice they
elected Almos as their leader and guaranteed the leadership to
him and his descendants. They told him, "From this day forward
we select you as our leader and lord and whichever way your
fortune leads, we shall follow you." After their custom each of
the rulers cut themselves on their arm and let a small amount of
their blood mix in an urn, representing the unification of their
nations, and they made a solemn oath of loyalty and devotion to
their new unity. They believed that all such oaths shall be
observed until their death, saying: "As long as we shall live, as
well as the lives of our descendants, we and our descendants
shall be led by Almos and his descendants." The second part of
the oath was as follows: "All the property we shall obtain in
common, we shall share equally." The third part of the oath was:
"If any of the descendants should be disloyal to the ruler and
cause discord among the ruler and his relatives, then shall their
blood pour out as ours does now as we make the bond of blood with
you." The fifth part of the oath was as follows: "If anyone of
the descendants breaks this oath should he be forever cursed."
They organized and prepared for their long journey with great
care and moved from the land of Scythia, which many early
Hungarians called Hetumagyar, in memory of the original ancient
Scythia on the borderlands of Persia @note(In the ancient legends
of Persia, the Zend Avesta, the ancient Scythian nation of
"Haetumat" was located in Sakastan "scythia" east of Persia.) and
moved to the "land between the rivers", which in the old language
was known as "ATIL-koz". @note(ATIL or ETEL meant great river or
water)
"This was their temporary homeland for several years until they
thoroughly scouted the surrounding lands and made alliances with
their new neighbors." The Russian Kiev Chronicles recount this
period well since this city was part of their country for a long
time and, for a period before the occupation of Hungary, it was the
residence of Almos. The chronicle continues: "Their next step was to prepare fo
r the
occupation of the future homeland and the unification with their
western Hungarian relatives the "White Hungarians", who settled
in Hungary with the Avars. Some say the late Avars were in fact
Hungarians who settled in 670AD, and that is why some of the
Hungarian Chronicles give this year as the year of settlement
rather than the date of the Magyar confederations date of arrival
in 896  (Laszlo Gyula, Kettos Honfoglalas, Budapest 1978,
pg 83)
Background
Some historians and romantics write of this period as though the
Magyars were nomadic people. Nothing could be farther from the
truth, since they started cultivation of the land almost as soon
as they settled in Hungary, cultivating a large variety of
grains. Archeologists have also found settlements in southern
Russia which are probably of Hungarian origin with a rich variety
of cultivated plants and domesticated animals, as well as
advanced metal-working. Mohammedan merchants also wrote of their
settlements (in the Ukraine) where they mentioned their farmlands.
The Hungarians
also brought many unique new breeds of animals with them from
their previous homeland, some of which are still out of place in
the European continent and are actually rare in Asia as well. The
unusual Hungarian dog breeds (Komondor, Puli), the "gray" large
horned cattle appear similar to the ancient Egyptian varieties.
The spiral horned RACKA sheep appears similar to the ancient
Sumerian "goat". They also brought with them a huge and mean-
tempered bison-like cattle, which became extinct in the 16th
century. For many centuries Hungary supplied central Europe with
cattle. Their horses were a new breed in Europe which became
famous and highly prized because of their endurance and
agility. Hungarian words and equipment for basic farming are in
general not in common with European languages, showing that they
brought these basic words with them from their previous homeland
where they lived in semi-permanent communities until, like the
American pioneers, they moved west in covered wagons with their
families. There were several cities founded by Hungarians also
in their previous homeland which survived a long time after their
leaving, such as the city a Magyar (Madzar) between the Black Sea
and the Caspean Sea. They brought with them their own special
writing which was perfectly suited to their language and was
completely phonetic. Their rich clothes culture was commented
on by Muslim traders and Germans alike. Some christians
complained about adopting Hungarian customs by travelers through
early Hungary such as wearing underwear and bathing daily, which was
unheard of in Europe in those days. All these records written
during the times indicates a rich and varied material culture and
high level of development of a people, which enriched European
civilization and in following ages buffered and protected
European civilization from the intrusion of barbaric nations of
Central and Eastern Asia. Unfortunately the Hungarian style of
warfare also scared the Europeans and reminded them too much of
the previous Asian conquerors, the Huns and Avars, and they
transferred their disdain of these people over to the Hungarians
with many of their characterizations, which had nothing to do with
Hungarians.
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